The Going Public Strategy from Reagan to Bush Essay

The Going Public Strategy from Reagan to Bush - Essay Example Richard Nuestadt once claimed, â€Å"we have not so much a government of separated powers as a government of separated institutions sharing powers† (qtd Hendrick (1988) p. 15).   Since George Washington first stepped into office American presidents have had to pass their initiatives through Congress.   The high hopes Presidents have when they come to office can quickly be smashed by a majority of the opposing party in either house.   As a result of this, Presidents have to use various means to help them in their quest for passing bills through Congress.   One of the most prominent of these is going public on issues of great importance, such as passing a budget or reforming an important area of government.   In addition, Samuel Kernel believes that this public leadership strategy has become even more of a necessity in an era where members of Congress act as â€Å"free agents, ignoring traditional institutional arrangements in favor of public pressure from constituent s and interest groups† (qtd in Mathew Corrigan) Bargaining between the Presidency and the legislature has become, to a large extent, ineffective.Presidencies in the Age of InformationThe impact in the growth and importance of media, especially television, over the last thirty years has been essential in the promotion of going public strategies.   Corrigan (2001) claims that in the information age of the new century, â€Å"presidents have new outlets to go public.   Media outlets such as CNN, Fox News, and C-Span provide national coverage to even minor public addresses. Video-teleconferencing offers the president the ability to speak to groups across the country from the Oval Office.† The Reagan Presidency No administration was more sharply affected by the media boom than Ronald Reagan’s. A master at video politics, Reagan took advantage of his public appeal to the fullest extent. Jacobs and Shapiro (2001) claim that, â€Å"the Reagan years are pivotal in understanding recent and future developments regarding the relationship between public opinion and presidential behaviour.† Reagan’s reputation as a strong president was built to a large extent through media portrayals. Riding on the wave of high public opinion Reagan appealed to the public to accept the proposed reversal in tax and spending policies outlined in the budget of 1981. The attempt on his life by John W. Hinckely, Jr., was the last media boost he needed to push through his reforms. Lewis (2001) claims that, â€Å"During the first two years of the Reagan presidency, for example, the press continually

An Integral Part Of A Democratic State Essay Example for Free

An Integral Part Of A Democratic State Essay Elections are an integral part of a democratic state. The argument is sometimes put forward that participatory democracy should be the basis for a whole political system, a replacement for parliamentary democracy. Representative institutions based on one person one vote determine the principles and general direction of an elected government. Participatory democracy can monitor the work of the executive and state apparatus. The importance of process Take waste. The same principles of daily and ongoing democratic processes could be applied to education, transport, and social services. Formally, representative democracy does have the final say. Participatory democracy, in a complementary relationship to electoral power, thus has the potential to move societies further towards the democratic ideals of popular control and political equality. I believe that a strong and aware civil society keeps their elected representatives on their toes, by asking questions through organized interest groups all of whom press their causes on government, sometimes through political parties and through independent lobbies. Participatory democracy provides a real alternative, or complement, to elected power: a distinct and organized public sphere in which the demands of the people can be articulated, developed and negotiated between each other, and finally negotiated with the local or other relevant state institutions. Conditions for participatory growth In order for participatory democracy to attain legitimacy and reinvigorate democratic politics as a whole, certain conditions need to be in place. The aim for participatory institutions is essentially to share decision-making power with government, to exercise some control over the work of state institutions and to monitor the implementation of governments decisions. The process must get results; in the sense that these parties are able to use their electoral legitimacy to emphasize the importance of the participatory process. If participatory democracy spreads, the institutions of representative government may lose some power to the new participatory sphere. The new systems of managing public resources through a combination of electoral and participative democracy bring an overall gain in democratic legitimacy and as a result, potentially, in democratic power. I believe that participatory democracy and the election process should be in the forefront in advocating transparency among government officials and their constituents. It is also important that citizens should be more aware and involved because the main argument of a democracy is the constant participation of people with regards to political debates and decisions. Without the people’s involvement, government leaders will not hold positions of power in the first place. Grassroots parties that are well represented inside the halls of congress should not just advocate the things that they think are important, but they also should stand as role models for the people who do not have the chance everyday to sit in a position of power. It is inevitable in a democracy that sometimes elections become an issue in itself. With this in my mind, I believe that people who go out to vote and those who pass on the opportunity to vote must always respect the final verdict whether it favors them or not. Yes, it is an issue because sometimes it is very easy for people to point fingers and start up a rumor that an election is fixed. For me, the only solution for this issue is to improve the way elections are being held. As a voter myself, it would also help if we encourage our society to go out and vote. Apathy sometimes can backfire on us. We should take care of our rights as citizens and voters to be more aware of the situation and act accordingly. By doing so, we protect ourselves from being short changed by the very institution, which the sole purpose is to protect us.

A brief history of Ryanair

A brief history of Ryanair A brief history of Ryanair is set out to provide a background of submissions. Ryanair is Europes largest low-fare airline and based in Ireland.  This is a public listed company who are trade on Dublin, London and New York (NASDAQ) Stock Exchange stocks.  It is committed to low cost airfares and introducing competition to the European flag airlines and air transport market growing alliance.  It has the ability to provide passengers with the industrys lowest fare is dependent to a large extent, the low cost and high efficiency of the airport.(RYANAIR LIMITED 2007) Ryanair, started operations in 1985, launched 15 flights a day between turbine support and London Gatwick Airport Waterford.  The beginning of the companys commitment to providing low-fare air travel to the Irish public contrast, oligopoly pricing is provided in time for Aer Lingus and British Airways.  Ryanair was the first European airline set up a special low fares and competition within the European short-haul routes.  In the companies of first year, its 57 employees carried just over 5,000 passengers in this original route. In 1986, Ryanair routes into Dublin-London, which was jointly owned by the two countries, the airlines, which Aer Lingus and British Airways. In Dublin, London route has been stalled about 1 million passengers each year from 1975 to 1985, when some of the features the highest air fare per kilometer in Europe. Before Ryanair to join this route, the normal flight between Dublin and London in 1985 was  £ 209 return. Ryanair began service on May 23, 1986, to introduce the launch of the fare  £ 94.99 return. In its second full year of operation, Ryanair has just 120 employees to carried more than 82,000 passengers on two routes. In the next three years (1987-1989), the rapid expansion of Ryanair routes opening up many new Irish and British, and to improve its fleet. However, while customers continue to flock to Ryanairs low fares, the cost does not control, and the companys accumulated losses. By 1990, the company employs 350 people, operating 14 aircraft (4 different types), was carrying 600 000 passengers, but had managed to loss of  £20 million in just 4 years. These losses are mainly due to over expansion and the inability to strictly control costs, the deregulation of the market, and these new cost control is essential to the ability to provide low-cost services of the profits. 1994 also saw the acquisition of Ryanairs first Boeing 737 aircraft used orders for six second-hand 737-200 series aircraft (130 seats) was purchased directly from Boeing. In the next three years to buy fifteen 737-200 aircraft were to make the fleet to twenty-one 737-200s. In line with the expansion of the fleet, more new routes form Ryanair is to open up the Irish by the British, increase frequencies, providing a total of all the routes, an the ticket prices were reduced even further. As a result in 1995, the airlines 10th anniversary, Ryanair has become the largest airline in Dublin-London routes, and they operate in each line on which it operated (in terms of traffic routes), total 2.25 million passengers per year and labor Now more than 600 people. After 1997, the EU air transport deregulation, the airlines was free for the first time open up new routes to continental Europe. Service was launched in Stockholm from London Stansted and Oslo efficient secondary airports, as well as in Paris and Brussels from Dublin and efficient secondary airports. Similarly, Ryanair to enter these markets fare over 80%, respectively, lower than the most expensive week, and then by the flag carrier airline fares. Positive response and a large number of passengers low fares in these arrived in the European market for the first time. Ryanair was the first low-fare airlines to provide scheduled flights from Britain to Continental Europe and vice versa. 1997 also saw the Ryanair Holdings plc float in Dublin and New York (NASDAQ) stock exchange. At that time, the airline is the capital of IR £300 million in the infrared market value and more than 3 million visitors each year to bring its network of 18 routes. Despite this success, Ryanair remains committed to lowering fares, increase service frequency, and to maximize the low-fare seats to the number of business and leisure travelers. Ryanair was a direct competition with a lot of Europes largest airlines, including British Airways, Scandinavian Airlines, Alitalia, Lufthansa, Sabena, Air France, Aer Lingus, but offer low fares unparalleled of The package, on-time flights, high frequency, and friendly in-flight service, Ryanair is continuing to be successful, winning increasing public and customer support. In 1999, Ryanair announced an up to 45 new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft for the two billion U.S. dollars next major investment plans. This is the latest and most modern Boeing aircraft. The first five aircraft to be delivered to Ryanair in 1999, and five more scheduled for delivery each year thereafter. Ryanair is the lowest in Europe and is to provide the latest and most modern air fares on Europe. Ryanair announced in 1999, another record performance, operating 35 routes to 11 countries, the carrying almost of the nearly 600 million passengers. Ryanairs customers to enjoy high-fare competition is the flag carrier airlines from Europe collected 300 million pounds worth of savings. At that time the company employs were more than 1,200 people. Ryanair launched in early 2000, Europes biggest travel website at www.ryanair.com, which launched within 3 months has taken over 50,000 bookings per week, by offering low airfares which start from as little as  £ 1 return taxes on Glasgow London plus tax and  £9 return plus taxes on Dublin-London route.In February 2000, Ryanair announced 10 new European routes for the summer of 2000, the service from London (Stansted) to Malmo in Sweden; Hamburg (Là ¼beck) in Germany; Verona (Brescia), Sardinia (Alghero), and Lamezia in Italy; Provence (Nimes), and Perpignan in France, and Shannon in Ireland. The airline has also introduced two new low fare services from Frankfurt (Hahn) Shannon in Ireland last summer, and to Glasgow (Prestwick) in Scotland. So far in 2001, Ryanair has launched seven new routes in the UK and to increase the capacity on number of existing lines. In February of this year, Ryanair announced that its first mainland Charleroi in Brussels, the European base would initially be open from its seven destinations in the provision of services. Ryanair will build the airport in Ireland, the base has been the basis of the cost of more competitive and cost-oriented regulation of airport / facility. This year, Ryanair will offer 36 Boeing 737 aircraft fleet and will be about 9 million passengers. Unfortunately, only about 18% will come from the traffic in Ireland as in the regulation of the airports competitive cost and inefficient infrastructure. It have be clear from the background that Ryanairs rapid growth of routes and traffic will continue to focus on low-cost, high efficiency of the airport, in order to minimize costs and ensure that the airports rapid turnaround time and maximum efficiency of the aircraft. This is a major factor in Ryanairs ability to guarantee the lowest fares in Europe.( RYANAIR LIMITED 2007) 2.Environmental and European airline industry analysis 2.1 External analysis   PESTLE PESTLE analysis is a short form for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (Channon, 1997). PESTLE analysis has  provided a comprehensive detailed list, possibly affects successful or the defeat, especially strategy  (Johnson and Scholes, 2007). Political Some countries grant preferential treatment to companies from their own country. From the case study also pointed out that the French government attempted to protect Air France-KLM by forcing easyJet and Ryanair to move the staff they employ on French soil from British contracts to more expensive French ones Economic Fuel prices, because they increase the problems caused a major airline industry, if they do not hedge they had to cut corners to save costs in other areas. All the airlines are working to reduce costs and increase their profit margin, they reduce the cost of the effort will have a negative affect on the pilots and staff because as they may have low wages of lack benefits that would otherwise have been there. There are problems, the market increasingly competitive, as in emerging and developing countries have more people hope that have more airlines, so in order to adapt to this, by reducing industry profits. With the current economic crisis may be the demand for flights in the fall, because we are in recession, layoffs and people therefore have less disposable income means that they cannot leave. This may be a favorable low-cost aviation industry for people who can still afford the holiday will be looking for cheaper alternatives. Social-cultural Passengers are now not only need the cheapest fares, they also need a comfortable chair, safety and never lose their luggage, and the best facilities and etc. Technological Technology has improved, which means that the industry is changing, becoming more environmentally friendly and efficient. More effective infrastructure of airports are means that many airports of the airlines can charge more fall from the sky. Environmental There are new laws that say that the airline industry has to be more environmentally friendly therefore the manufacturers, designers and airline companies have to combat this together in order to decrease carbon emissions and make the industry less harmful to the environment in order to comply with EU regulations. Legal The whole industry is very strict control laws, but also because they have to constantly adapt to new changes in law, i.e. not allowing the liquid on board. These contracts to the industry has their pilots did not seem to benefit the workers as it contributes to the company soon which may change soon and the company will have to adapt to this. 2.2 Internal analysis five forces framework   Porters five forces is an important tool for analyzing the organizational structure of the process of strategic industries. It is used to understand the strategic business opportunities and threats should be consistent with the organization of the external environment (Dagmar Recklies, 2001). Threat of entry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Some barriers to entry: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High capital investment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ limited availability of slots to make them more difficult to find the suitable airport. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ instant price wars if erode the existing LCC route. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need low-cost basis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flight Authorizations In Europe, low-cost carriers were increase in 2006. Although expressed in the European airline industry is a large number of entrants and competitors, but as many as 50 have gone bankrupt, been taken over, missing or had never left the ground. Therefore, the threat of entry Ryanair face is media. Threat of substitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer are No brand loyalty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No close customer relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No switching costs to customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other modes of transport, such as Eurostar, high-speed trains, Eurolines, ships, cars, etc. Passengers will choose the train, because do not want to face the inconvenience and cost of checking baggage, spend more extra time in airport security line. The train is the only alternative of airline to the threat of an alternative airline of Ryanair is low. Bargaining Power of Customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customers are Price-sensitive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switch to another airline is relatively simple and does not involve high costs (internet, all airlines are online) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer understand about the cost of providing services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No loyalty Although the customers complaints, they feel disturbed about Ryanair has been trying to sell them something of the aircraft. Although some passengers, they need comfortable seating, security will never lose their luggage, the best such facilities and Ryanair has been graded as the worlds most disliked airline in the survey of Ryanair, but they do not want to change and continue to focus on cutting costs, to provide low fares. Therefore, the buyer bargaining power is low. Power of supplier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Boeing is a major supplier of RA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Only two potential suppliers of aircraft Boeing and Airbus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switching costs from one supplier to another is high, because all the mechanics and pilots must be retrained. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aviation fuel prices is directly related to the cost of oil (Ryanair control these through the hedge). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regional airports have little bargaining power because they rely heavily on an airline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A larger airport, where Ryanairs competitors operate with greater bargaining power The actual purchases of aircraft, fuel supply, are the two major suppliers of the aviation industry. The supplier cannot control the fuel prices, although Ryanair is so sensitive and cannot affect the fuel suppler to Ryanair. On the actual purchase of the aircraft, Ryanair has a very healthy relationship with the main supplier of the aircraft, the Boeing Company (Brophy and ST. George, 2003). Suppliers cannot bring great results to Ryanair Competitive Rivalry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intense competition in the LCC market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Most of the cost advantage can be copied immediately à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The current low level of competition as the two major low-cost airlines to avoid a direct face to face competition by choose different routes to service à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ However, if a company does decide to compete on the same basis, as Ryanair has a heavy pressure on prices, profit margins and thus profits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ there is not much difference between the services. The main difference is the price factor In the highly competitive aviation industry competition is high. Although Ryanair is a pioneer who performed low-cost airlines, but competitors has also the implementation of low-fare. Beside, they also copied a number of Ryan strategic. For example, Aer Lingus and FlyBE airlines have also introduced charges for hold luggage after Ryanair perform it. 2.3 Scenario analysis Worst Case: Increase of Salaries If the employee be successful, unions can represent the experience of Ryan, to increase wages. No. Increase of other staff New employees need in marketing, European Union regulations (such as safety regulations require additional crew on each flight.) Accounting, information technology Increase of Airport Charges Airport charges could increase in many Government owned airports. It may be are 100% increase. Increase of Fuel Prices Fuel prices may rise by 1% per annum. There may be another war to increase the oil prices. The increase in average flight distance The new destination may result in the average flight distance increased by 10% for two years and 5% for three years, followed by 0% per annum Increase of Marketing Costs Such of the competition may increase in some routes may need to launch marketing campaign for Ryanair. Eastern Europe may not be a popular route is expected, and may require additional advertising. Low price does not mean low quality. This idea needs to communicate. Best Case: In this case, this situation will be re-considered the most optimistic assumption that all possible outcomes into account. Future energy prices will remain at todays prices, in the best situation. The euro is still better than the U.S. dollar against the U.S. dollar. Load factors will remain stable at a high level for many years benefited from the growing number of passengers to use the entire fleet. The marketing costs should support the continuous increase of passengers, and should cover the new routes. Revenue should be increased in the planes flight as a better offer / services to enable passengers to spend a few euro on average for each flight. 3.Ryanairs strengths and weaknesses.- SWOT analysis Strengths: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brand Name: Ryanair, through its 14-year in LCC market has developed a very good recognized brand name. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Benefit from the low airport charges: These low-cost assistance benefits based on Ryanair. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The first advantage of the regional airports (such as Charleroi): As a market entry barriers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internet sites (94% reservation) : reducing distribution costs as through the phone booking is more expensive. Eliminates the need of travel agents. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High-density seat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All of the Boeing aircraft: a unified fleet saving on maintenance and training cost. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fast turn around à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High service performance: Punctual, flight speed the completion of the high rate and low loss of luggage, these give a good image of the companys reliability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Modern fleet which resulting in lower maintenance costs: will become more uniform, with only one model (737-800), also a relatively new aircraft will require less maintenance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High aircraft utilization: Ryanair Airlines planes to fly longer to generate more income from its assets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fuel and other risk hedging. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small headquarters: Low on overheads à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Point to Point: No hub and spoke, lower cost because not passed the required services Weaknesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Easy to Bad News: Ryanair was considered arrogant and the slightest incidents have been a lot of news stories. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Niche market: the possibility of limited expansion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distance of some regional airports from the advertising objectives: After a period of customers may feel that this is a big inconvenience. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poor quality of services: interpersonal skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ryanair is extremely sensitive to changes in charges (increase in value of the fare) Opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ EU enlargement: will open many new destinations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Significant potential to capture market share: In the LCC market share will more than double à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Benefit from less exposure to geopolitical risks: As the only real business in Europe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ryanair economic slowdown actually helps to change the corporate culture, stealing customers from traditional carriers as they seek lower fares. Threats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dependent on the oil market: fuel cost depends on the oil market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dependent on the economic cycle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase of Low fares competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ European Court of Justice ruling: It may make more difficulties and costs of future expansion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Limited growth of the southern European market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regional airports gain bargaining power for second round à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customers are very sensitive of price à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ryanair and Easy Jet limit each others growth rout wise, need to live peaceful coexistence, or is likely to become the battlefield of the line (such as: London- Rome) -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Face increase in air traffic control charges. As more planes fly in the sky. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inability to prevent the introduction of fuel tax and environmental fees: this will reduce their growth potential because it depends on the price of the stimulus. 4.Evaluation of Ryanairs strategy Ryanair aims to establish itself as Europes leading low-fare scheduled passenger airline through continued improvement and expansion of low-cost services to their products. Ryanair aims to offer low fares, thus increasing the passenger traffic. A continued emphasis on cost control and operational efficiency is a very important part of the Ryanair way of doing things. Here are the key elements which make up Ryanairs strategy: Low fare: This is used to stimulate demand, their goal fare conscious leisure or business travelers who do not go, otherwise it will all or use other transport modes, such as car, coach or train. Ryanair to sell seats on the basis of one-way unlike most traditional carriers this change take effect in November 2001. Ryanair set fares based on demand for flights and with reference to the remainder of the scheduled departure date. 70% of the seats are the lowest fares in the sale of tickets can be assigned routes, once the full price of each seat. Ryanairs Dublin to London (Stansted) is the most popular passenger route in terms of passenger volume; with fares from 19.99 to 169.99 (available in the lower special promotions).In September 2003, Ryanair launched a fare promotion offers a total of two million seats on certain routes for free (excluding government taxes and passenger service charges) for travel period from September 2003 to 17th December 2003. These movements are very useful to consolidate Ryanairs low fares image. (M. Michel Alle ,Ryanair Plc. 2004) Frequent point-to-point short-haul flight routes. Ryanair provides frequent point-to-point service in the short-haul routes, airports and major population centers in the surrounding areas and tourist destinations. An average of 1.1 hours flying time has been an average line length of 746 kilometers, in 2003. Ryanair flight an average of 1.94 round per day from each line. Short-haul flights only option to allow Ryanair to provide frequent service, while eliminating the need to provide frill service customers, or they will no longer flights. Point-to-point flying (as opposed to the service center and spoke the traditional operators used) to avoid the cost of Ryanairs passengers to connect through service providers, including baggage transfers and transit passenger assistance costs. This is one of the key differences between Ryanair and traditional carriers. (M. Michel Alle, Ryanair Plc. 2004.) Commitment for safety and quality of maintenance. Ryanairs commitment to safety is the most important priority for the company and its management. This commitment begins with hiring and training of Ryanairs pilots, flight attendants and maintenance staff, and includes a policy to maintain its aircraft in accordance with the highest European airline industry standards. Ryanair has not been a single incident or significant damage to passengers or flight crew in the 19 years of operating history. Although Ryanair aims to operate its fleet in a cost-effective manner, management does not seek to extend Ryanairs low cost operating strategy of the regions security, maintenance, training and quality assurance. Routine maintenance and repair of aircraft carried out in-house, and the present contract airframe maintenance, engine overhaul services and routing of the maintenance contractor, these contract will be under reviewed.(M. Michel Alle ,Ryanair Plc. 2004) Ancillary Services: Ryanair offers a range of ancillary, revenue-generating services, including on-board merchandise, beverage and food sales, accommodation booking service, advertising, travel insurance, car rental and rail and bus tickets. Ryanair distribution of car rental, accommodation and travel insurance through its Web site and traditional telephone reservation offices. Management believes that providing these services through the Internet to allow Ryanair to increase sales, while at the same time, reduce cost per unit basis. Ancillary revenues, not including charter flights, increased by 68.1% (2002: 44%) and now accounts for 11.7% of total revenues compared to 9.4% in 2002. Customer service. Ryanairs strategy is to provide the best customer service performance of its peers group. According to reports by the Association of European Airlines and the airline announced its own statistics, Ryanair has made good on time, luggage lost less and less to cancel all of the rest group than their European counterparts. Ryanair realized that the strong focus on the implementation of these services and the operation of non-congested airports. 5.Recommendation To have the largest amount of routes, the lowest fare airline in Europe without any compromise Ryanairs business model, beyond all the other operators in all aspects, including quality of service. I think Ryanair is also eager to adhere to high growth. I think Ryanairs strategy has become a key factor in its great success. Therefore, in the end I applied all of these designed of recommendations to improve their business. The Recommendation of Ryanair are as following: Continue to look for ways to reduce costs Although Ryanair has the lowest cost base of any competitor, I believe Ryanair can continue to reduce its cost base, because it although at a lower pace of growth. Increase the frequency of existing routes European low-cost airline (LCC) market is not exhausted. Ryanair currently has a average 3.88 fights per capita daily of flight routes. This figure compared with Easyjet airlines and traditional carriers, is very low. This means that, Ryanair is the loss of business passengers who need a more flexible schedule. Ryanair added that if the frequency of some of their routes, they can effectively steal some passengers from the traditional carriers in order to increase market share. The development of smaller bases in the Continental Operating Bases With the low cost market saturation from London, Ryanair must to look at their other business base to expand their network. Dublin, Brussels, Hahn, etc can be developed. Although there is not the same demand, outside London there is sufficient demand to make considerable profits Open up new routes in Europe There are many possible routes are still not served by low-cost airlines. To make a viable way there must to at least 32,000 people each year. Research is needed to find out a feasible route before the competition. And the opening route to un-served destination, Ryanair can also open routes where the competition is more expensive traditional carriers to attract customers to the cheaper, no-frills choice Extended to the Central / Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is rapidly becoming a hotspot for tourist and business travelers continue to expand as the E.U., but Ryanair does not meet any of the more popular destinations. Other low-cost airlines has been established there, such as Sky Europe, but not all routes have been exhausted. There are still have many opportunities in this field. To actively seek market share from the Charter Market The Charter is a huge market of represents 25% of the total traffic in Europe. Ryanair must be aggressive in this market by vigorously promote DIY holidays, rather than group tours. With the increasing popularity of the Internet and the popularity of lower travel agents, which is the market cannot be ignored. Ryanair should be provided to small package destination and aim to strengthen the side of the business. Customer Service Overhaul Ryanair has a remarkable performance as tangible customer service (punctuality, time to complete the flight, etc.) views, but in the softer side of the customer service is not always good and have a lot of bad news. With this in mind Ryanair Airlines, while maintaining its strict rules and regulations, must to be adjusted on this area.

Metabolic Control Analysis(MCA) Essay -- Science Biochemistry

Introduction: In 1970s, a new method called (Metabolic Control Analysis) for analysing the distribution control of the flows and medium concentrations in the metabolic path between different enzymes that form the corridor, was developed by Henrik Kacser and other scientists. Since then, attention was paid to more research in this method and its applications, and developing analytical and educational tools (Wildermuth, 2000). In the flowing literature review, some examples of the significance of Metabolic Control Analysis, pros and cons will be discussed. Literature review: At first glance, engineering a metabolic system with aim of raising metabolite's yield or flux during a metabolic pathway system, could be done through the method of identifying and controlling, which called rate-limiting-steps. Rate-limiting steps is a certain steps in the paths that exercising the most control over the whole system. Though the good features of this method, the majority of experiments that were tried using that method to increase the pathway fluxes ended up with failure (Walker and Raply, 2009). In fact, the control of the system as a whole is distributed across the system’s components much more than esteemed. This area of distributed is a part of sensitivity analysis, which offered lots of applications for many engineering specializations and for economics as well. According to (Walker and Raply, 2009 ; Gunawardena, 2002), metabolic control analysis (MCA), was developed in 1973 in Edinburgh, by Henrik Kacser and Jim Burns, and, autonomously in Berlin in1974, by Reinhart Heinrich and Tom Rapaport through application of the general concept of sensitivity analysis, to provide a precise quantitative basis to determ... ... control and regulation. However, it is a good point to start for improving access to a deeper understanding better than what can be given by qualitative of conventional biochemistry. Works Cited Fell, D. (1997). Understanding the Control of Metabolism. London: Portland Press. Walker, J., & Raply, R. (2009). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Wildermuth, M. C. (2000). Minireview Metabolic control analysis: biological applications and insights. Genome Biology, 1(6). Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://genomebiology.com/2000/1/6/reviews/1031 Gunawardena, J. (n.d.). Notes on Metabolic Control Analysis. Papers and Presentations from the Virtual Cell Program. Home of the Virtual Cell Program, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://vcp.med.harvard.edu/papers.htm

What are the impacts of tourism in a selected region of the UK?

Tourism is the industry that looks after the needs and welfare of tourists and provides the things that help them travel to places where they can relax and enjoy themselves. I am studying both the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the Lake District because the Lake District is being overwhelmed with tourists each year but without the income that tourism generates the Lake District wouldn't survive. The Lake District is one of 15 National Parks across the UK which has 2 main purposes. – To enhance and preserve the natural beauty of the landscape. – To provide a place for recreation and enjoyment. A third aim is; – To protect the social and economic well being of people who live and/or work in the National Park. The positive impacts of tourism are associated with the economy and employment. Tourism can also start off a cycle known as the positive multiplier effect; the tourism industry locates in an area which provides jobs for locals. This gives workers more money to spend and so more local shops open and more jobs are created and so on and so on. But as well as positive impacts, there are also many negative impacts of tourism. The first is footpath erosion. This occurs when people (tourists in this case) are walking along a footpath, as they do they wear away the vegetation which loosens the soil and exposes the soil to the elements. Then when it rains the footpath becomes muddy and so people veer to the edges of the footpath to avoid the mud. The vegetation next to the path then becomes eroded until the footpath ends up like the picture above This is of course an extreme case but this footpath erosion literally ends up leaving a scar on the landscape. Since 1999 the National Trust has been trying to stop this happening by setting up a 10 year plan to repair and maintain the paths. This will cost an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.1 million of which à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.46 million has been donated by the Lottery Heritage Fund. This money will be spent on a number of different sustainable strategies like stone pitching. This is when local stone is buried into the ground to make footholds. Alternatively steps have been put on steep hillsides made from local stone so that they fit in with the rest of the natural landscape. The second negative impact of tourism is litter. When tourists visit the Lake District, some drop litter on the floor. People come to the Lake District to see the natural beauty of the countryside but are put off coming back because of the litter on the floor therefore the Lake District loses further income. Animals and their habitats are damaged because of pollution. Bins have been placed in many different areas of the Lake District, especially the honeypot sites to discourage this. Daily warden patrols have been set up to try to clean up any mess created. Conflict on Lake Windermere is another controversial issue in the Lake District. Since 1976 people have been worried about the disturbance of the peace on Lake Windermere by power boats etc. Surveys have revealed that on an average day there are 812 crafts on the water, of which 368 are speed boats. The reason for the conflict is that other lake users such as fishermen and canoeists want peaceful, safe conditions to undertake their leisure activities. Another concern is that the wake from speed boats is causing erosion along the banks of the lake. On the 29th March 2005 a 10 mph speed limit was introduced on the lake. This however did not benefit everyone because power boat enthusiasts had to find alternative locations to use and some local businesses (e.g. Jet Ski rental companies etc) had to modify their companies so they didn't lose custom. I personally believe that we need to manage tourism in a sustainable way if we are to preserve the Lake District's natural beauty for future generations. Strategies like the footpath maintenance may be extremely costly but in the future will benefit the Lake District's economy and the people who live in and visit it.

An Overview Of Vaishnodevi Tourism Essay Example

An Overview Of Vaishnodevi Tourism Essay Example An Overview Of Vaishnodevi Tourism Essay An Overview Of Vaishnodevi Tourism Essay Vaishnodevi Nestled at a tallness of 5,200 pess, Vaishnodevi, is one of the holiest temples in the Hindu faith. Located in the hill of Vaishno Devi in Jammu Kashmir, Vaishnodevi is besides known as Mata Rani and is believed to be an embodiment of the Mother Goddess. This is the 2nd most visited topographic point of pilgrims journey after Tirupati. Significance If ancient Hindu texts and Bibles are to be believed, the Mother Goddess was infact born stat mis off from where her shrine is situated. Her place of birth seems to hold been the South of India and she was born to Ratnakar Sagar. She left the secular desires at merely 9 old ages of age to chew over and execute repentances to pacify Lord Rama, an embodiment of Lord Vishnu. Please by her devotedness, Lord Rama asked her to travel North and meditate in a cave in the Trikuta scope of Manik Mountains. This is how Vaishnodevi is believed to hold been established. Attractions The Vaishnodevi Shrine: This universe celebrated temple that attracts 1000s of fans each twelvemonth is the focal point of Vasihnodevi. Like most ancient shrines the history of the Vaishnodevi shrine is shrouded in antiquity and mysticism although it is believed that the shrine was discovered by the Pandavas and the Mother Goddess finds a reference in the heroic poem Mahabharata. On a mountain, merely next to the Trikuta mountains and overlooking the sanctum cave are five rock constructions which are believed to typify the five pandavas. Devouts believe that the Mother Goddess has the power to carry through their desires and that no 1 goes empty handed from her shrine. Baba Dhansar: This temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is located 15 kilometer from Katra. Many devouts throng to this temple to see the of course formed Shiv Lingam on which droplets of H2O autumn invariably throughout the twelvemonth. This temple is besides the locale for a just that is held during Shivratri. Shiv Khori: This is the sanctum cave residence of Lord Shiva and is situated about 70 kilometers from Katra and the alone attractive force of this cave is its form it is shaped like a Damroo , Lord Shiva s heavenly music instrument broad at the terminals and narrow at the Centre. Shiv Khori besides has a of course formed Shiv Lingam that is popular amongst fans. How to Reach Your Vaishnodevi Yatra starts from Katra, a town located 50 kilometer from Jammu. Katra is good connected by route to Jammu. The nearest airdrome to Katra is Jammu as is the rail caput. If you plan to go by route, you can take from a broad scope of conveyance options like coachs, private taxis, landrovers etc. Recently, a chopper service has besides been started for pilgrims who do non desire to do the long and backbreaking trek to the shrine on pes.

Sustainability of Frito Lay

Sustainability of Frito Lay Frito Lay is an American company that is a subsidiary of PepsiCo Inc. Frito Lay. The company was started as a merger between two firms, including Frito Company and H. W. Lay in 1961. Pepsi Cola Company acquired Frito Lay to form PepsiCo in 1965. It became a subsidiary of PepsiCo in the same year.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability of Frito Lay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This company manufactures and sells potato chips, corn chips, crisps among other snacks. This firm has managed to capture the American snack market (Belz and Peattie 45). Through this firm, PepsiCo is considered the largest global snacks company in the world. It has captured thirty percent of the American market. In the financial year that ended December 2010, its total revenue was about 40 percent. Since 1965, this firm has had a consistent growth in the market share in the United States market. It has managed to be the market leader in this industry in the US. Its financial capacity has also enabled it to capture overseas markets. Currently, this firm has its presence in all the North American countries, some countries in South America, Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Sustainability is the most significant factor in any business unit. For a firm to be considered successful, it must be able to sustain itself in the business. Sustainability of a firm depends on a number of factors. Making profits alone is not enough to guarantee sustainability. Socio-economic and environmental factors affect the profitability of the firm. The firm must be able to sustain its profits and operations in order to continue operating in the market. Frito Lay has shown that it is sustainable in a number of ways. It is true that this company has faced a number of social problems in the market. It was accused of using genetically modified ingredients in some of its products. Genetically modified foods have raised many co ntroversies in various countries in the world, including the United States.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The firm was also once accused of stereotyping the Mexico-Americans. This firm was able to overcome these accusations. It has remained steady in its operations over the recent past. It has managed to retain public trust. In the current society where many people have many concerns over the health condition, this firm has managed to maintain the trust of its customers. People believe that this firm has been able to use natural ingredients in its products, a fact that has helped it in recording a tremendous growth (Charantimath 13). Economically, this firm is immensely strong. This subsidiary of PepsiCo made a profit of over 4 billion US dollars for the year ended December 2011. This shows that it has a remarkably strong economic base that would allow it su pport most of its operations. Its financial base can support research and extension projects. The environmental factors have been favorable for Frito Lay over the recent past. Although a number of environmental groups have strongly opposed some of the wrappers used by the company, it has been able to respond to most of the environmental concerns. The firm has reduced the amount of plastics it uses in wrapping its products. It has also been able to reduce emission of green house gases. This has made it receive green light from environmental officers. In other words, the company has no issue with environmentalists. Belz, Frank-Martin, and K. Peattie. Sustainability Marketing: A Global Perspective. New York: John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2009. Print. Charantimath, Paul. Total Quality Management. New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2006. Print.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability of Frito Lay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Argument essays

Argument essays As we all know the government has some sort of control over the people living in the United States and play a role in our every day lives. They give us rules to live by even though we are guaranteed our freedom in the Declaration of Independence. These rules we are expected to live by are said to be for our own good and supposedly keep the citizens in order. Ive come to see that some rules make no logical sense such as the prohibition of marijuana. Marijuana was outlawed in 1937 as a repressive measure against Mexican workers who crossed the border seeking jobs during the Depression. The specific reason given for the outlawing of the hemp plant was its supposed violent affection the degenerate races. Marijuana has well-organized supporters who campaign for its legalization and promote its use through books, magazines, and popular music. They regard marijuana as not only a recreational drug but also a form of herbal medicine and a product with industrial applications. Marijuanas opponents are equally passionate and far better organized. They consider marijuana a dangerous drug-one that harms the users mental, physical, and spiritual well being, promotes irresponsible sexual behavior, and encourages disrespect for traditional values. Many famous and credible people such as Abraham Lincoln and Albert Einstein have found the holes in prohibition laws and pointed out the disadvantages of this type of government. This issue has been long debated for reasons I dont understand and the government of the United States needs to see that prohibiting the drug contradicts and violates our rights, influences crime, and does more harm than good. As human beings I think we should all have the right to decide for ourselves what goes into our bodies. We have to realize that prohibiting any drug denies us of this basic human liberty. In fact, even the people who wrote the Harrison Act and the Marijuana T...

How does the devil solve life's most serious problems Essay

How does the devil solve life's most serious problems - Essay Example He deals with serious matters by destroying the good things in life such as happiness, love, and joy replacing them with emptiness. Sins and evil consist of a certain level of selfishness that, at most times, consists of things that people do for personal gratification and pleasure (Gellner 21). The devil deals with serious things by allowing people to do their will for personal satisfaction. Goodness has delayed gratification compared to evil. If an individual takes care of his family, helps the needy, and shares what he has with others, then he will be rewarded in heaven. For Muslims, such a woman would come back as a prettier version of herself to serve her husband better while a man would receive 12 virgins to be his wives as soon as he got to heaven. Evil has instant gratification. For example, if a man wants justice for his brother’s killer, then it is likely that he would prefer to kill the individual in vengeance as opposed to waiting for a court trial or for him to wait for God to judge him. An evil person or the evil in any person delights in doing as it pleases. The devil does not require a man to practice good traits like patience, gentleness, kindness, or sharing. If a poor man begs a person for money, that person will probably prefer to keep the money and spend it on himself, instead of helping a needy person. Similarly, in the case of rape, the rapist enjoys personal gratification while the victim suffers an immense amount of pain and emotional torture. According to many cultures and religions, the devil thrives in darkness, suffering, and chaos (Gellner 13). Subsequently, he deals with things by ridding the world of light, joy, and happiness. For instance, when a marriage results in divorce, the children suffer and some are hurt emotionally and mentally for life. He constantly causes misfortune to people attempting to pursue love, peace, and happiness. He does not want people to enjoy life

The administrative structure of public education in the state of Essay

The administrative structure of public education in the state of California - Essay Example 2) To establish a viable structure, by employing a superintendent, laying down guidelines for hiring other personnel, adopting appropriate policies and curriculum, establishing budget priorities and ensuring provision of facilities. The Board also gives direction for formulating and adopting collective bargaining agreements. 3) To provide support to the superintendent and staff to carry out their functions by providing good personnel management, making resources available, upholding district policies, and liasing between the public and school functionaries. 4) To ensure performance/ program/ financial accountability to the public. . The Board evaluates the superintendent, and sets guidelines for evaluation of other staff, periodically assesses the curriculum and student performance, and also does self-assessments. 5) To acts as community leader by meaningfully involving the community in educational programs; it communicates to them information on district policies/ programs. The Board stands as a link between the student and the community too. (School Board Leadership) Discussion Question (2) Briefly discuss a case or hearing that was presented at your local school board or in one of the court systems. What was the final decision Give your opinion and/or reason for supporting this decision. I refer to a case of 1981, Segraves v. State of California. (Sacramento Superior Court #278978) Although the case is more than twenty-five years old, the issue is current. It relates to the teaching of scientific evolution in the classroom, and its likely clash with the religious views of the students, and their right to their views (as enshrined in the US Constitution). Segraves' contention was that the discussion of the Theory of Evolution prevented his children and him from the free exercise of their religion. The court, however, "found that the California State Board of Education's Science Framework, as written and as qualified by its anti-dogmatism Policy, gave sufficient accommodation to the views of Segraves." (Matsumura & Mead, 2001). The Anti-dogmatism Policy insisted that scientific explanations in the class room focus on the 'how', and not 'ultimate cause', and that speculative statements concerning origins, "both in texts and in classes, should be presented conditionally, not dogmatically." (Matsumura & Mead, 2001) The court also ruled that all areas of science be covered by this Anti-dogmatism Policy. While I agree that science should be taught without dogmatism, it is also necessary that dogmatic adherence to religious beliefs do not prevent a child from acquiring scientific knowledge. Therefore, the judgement in this case was right, permitting openness in looking at scientific theories, and the evidence that was available to support them. *Prompt: Numerous Civil Rights Acts have covered a variety of topics that have influenced public education: unlawful employment practices, denial of benefits, equal rights, equal protection, and equal employment opportunities. Elaborate on a statement that I heard at a governor's conference which stated, "The Right to Read is a student's Civil Right" Explain how the above quote may be both a detriment and an asset to

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Cover letter - Essay Example The motive was to gain competence on how to identify the possibility of stroke in postoperative orthopedic patients. The course enabled me understand the neurologic patterns that may indicate the danger of stroke in orthopedic patients. Currently, I am pursuing a certificate course on Advanced Cardiac Arrest Support to boost my service to severe orthopedics cases that require information on cardiac arrest. My intention is to advance in the leadership ladder. I have successfully served several leadership positions in various institutions. I served as a charge nurse on a medical unit from 1983 to 1995. The position entailed supervising other nurses, offering support to them and also caring for patients. The position helped advance my leadership skills. I was promoted to Unit Supervisor in 1996 after satisfactory service at the Charge Nurse position. I have served as the unit supervisor from 1996 to date. The position entails supervising a nursing unit in the orthopedics department. I ensure the wellness of the unit nurses as well as ensuring that patients receive quality care from the nurses. My education and experience prove my commitment to excellence. I can fit into any nursing leadership roles. I hope the information will be useful in making a decision on hiring me for a leadership role. I am looking forward to hearing from you. I am a Registered Nurse with more than 30 years of nursing experience. My specialty has been in orthopedics. I am a team player, team leader and skilled in current and emerging trends in my scope of practice. I am attentive to details and always put the health of the patients first in any decisions I make. I am also emotionally intelligence and hence able to make objective decisions on any emerging issue, trend or practice. I am keen to study new concepts that add value to my practice such as ACLS and NIHSS

Reversal of gender roles in Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reversal of gender roles in Macbeth - Essay Example One can see that Lady Macbeth is feminine in outlook but masculine in character. Thesis statement: The gender role of Lady Macbeth is reversed because of her masculine character and conscious denial of femininity (special reference to the conceptions of gender in the early modern period and the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare). The gender role of Lady Macbeth in the play is totally against the traditional conceptions on femininity and motherhood. For instance, femininity is generally regarded as tender natured and motherly affection. In the play, Lady Macbeth does not possess the qualities of femininity. She totally denies her gender role as a woman. Besides, Shakespeare did give equal focus to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because he was aware of the fact that Macbeth does not possess masculine qualities. So, there must a powerful character (say, Lady Macbeth) to compensate the loss of masculinity in Macbeth. In the play, Lady Macbeth is portrayed as an immoral character, without any moral consideration. She cunningly manipulates her husband to fulfill her selfish motive. She was aware of her husband’s strengths and weaknesses. But the element of ambitiousness was inherent in Macbeth; his wife ignited the same and corrupted him totally. Her ultimate aim was to become the queen of Scotland. So, she made use of her husband as an instrument/ medium to attain her aim. In addition, Macbeth’s masculine failure is exploited by his wife. Macbeth loved his wife so dearly but she made use of the same to influence him in a negative way. One can identify that the first half of the play is under Lady Macbeth’s control. So, Lady Macbeth’s gender role is totally against her femininity and she made use of the same to manipulate her husband and to fulfill her selfish motives. First of all, Lady Macbeth was ambitious like her husband. Her desire to be the queen of Scotland resulted in her ultimate doom. Lady Macbeth requests the spirits to unsex her because her

Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Services Marketing - Essay Example Besides, the industry continues to grow in leaps and bounds to a point that currently about one and a half of start ups are service oriented. One major stimulant to this growth is the long term economic growth of a majority of these economies which has led to particular emphasis on financial services, travel, entertainment, and personal care. These sectors form the bulk of service industry and the fact that far more businesses are starting on the same levels implying that there is eminent need for improved marketing concepts. These factors, as well as continued lifestyle changes, are coming as continuous pressures on the service industries. These are aspects and elements that Shostack had foreseen in the writing of his article breaking free from product marketing. At the time, product marketing was dominant as most industries and companies were bent on producing tangible products. In fact, any company which bordered on services was forced to adapt product marketing approaches. This w as bound to fail with time as consumers would, with time, adopt preferences and approaches that would clearly differentiate product and service aspects. At the time, marketers considered the difference between products and services as purely bordering on tangibility. However, Shostack sought to disagree with this assertion holding that there were multiple other factors which differentiated service marketing from product marketing. In this study, we implore on Shostack’s view on use of tangibility as the distinguishing factor. Beyond this, the study will look at modern assertions on the differences between product and service marketing. To further understand service marketing as different from product marketing this study will also look at two other contemporary studies and their positions as well assertions. First, we examine the views of Ruskin Brown as detailed in his book titled marketing your service business. Just as Shostack asserts, service marketing cannot be adopted to fit product marketing. Rather, there is need to develop new concepts which consider the various differences between products and services. Brown states that even though it might be possible to consider the marketing mix for a service as detailed under the 4Ps of products, there is great need to expand the mix in a way that it allows a more meticulous analysis of the ingredients essential for successful service marketing. The author further asserts that most businesses fail to attain their goals as they lack understanding of the workings of the various elements of the extended mix. This imminently means that they fail to come up with required action to address these factors. To this end, Brown provides a detailed analysis of the elements of extended mix that would offer businesses an opportunity to redress their failures. Failures are identified by Shostack as emanating from the uninformed treatment of services as products. Brown insists on the extended mix which incorporates such elements as process, people, physical evidence, time, and resource. Process relates to the fact that services are performed and consumed concurrently. They are neither created nor do they posses any shelf life. Rather, service is an experience and, therefore, the core of the process is to handle the

Moral relativism and Moral absolutism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral relativism and Moral absolutism - Essay Example The concept of moral relativism stipulates that there is no sense in asking abstract questions concerning whether an act is either good or its bad. As per the theory, abstract questions that contain neither goodness nor badness in them. The concept stipulates that the issues of goodness and badness can only be found in contexts that are specified. Therefore, this implies that an action can be good for a certain individual but on the other hand be bad for another individual. It also suggests that certain acts may be correct in a certain cultural setting but considered to be bad in another cultural setting (Moral Relativism. Info). However, if the concept of moral relativism is considered true, an act should not be questioned on its goodness or badness in its abstract form but should only be questioned in particular situations. Different people view the issue of more relativism as being a palpable truth and undeniable whereas others perceive it as a threat to the ethical foundations up on which societies are built (Hammerlinck). The concept of moral relativism has been supported with various proofs by different people. Some of them have put forward arguments from disagreements, flexibility and from tolerance. Those who have forwarded arguments from disagreements argue that ethical relativism best describes the fact that different cultures and individuals have different ethical beliefs. From this perception, the ethical disagreements demonstrate that the issue of morality is just but a product of our personal opinions or our different cultures. This is the exact claim that has been put forward by the notion of moral relativism (Moral Relativism. Info). Other arguments for the notion of moral relativism that have been presented from flexibility arguments stipulate that the issue of moral absolutism will certainly break down when exposed to particular situations.

Reversal of gender roles in Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reversal of gender roles in Macbeth - Essay Example One can see that Lady Macbeth is feminine in outlook but masculine in character. Thesis statement: The gender role of Lady Macbeth is reversed because of her masculine character and conscious denial of femininity (special reference to the conceptions of gender in the early modern period and the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare). The gender role of Lady Macbeth in the play is totally against the traditional conceptions on femininity and motherhood. For instance, femininity is generally regarded as tender natured and motherly affection. In the play, Lady Macbeth does not possess the qualities of femininity. She totally denies her gender role as a woman. Besides, Shakespeare did give equal focus to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because he was aware of the fact that Macbeth does not possess masculine qualities. So, there must a powerful character (say, Lady Macbeth) to compensate the loss of masculinity in Macbeth. In the play, Lady Macbeth is portrayed as an immoral character, without any moral consideration. She cunningly manipulates her husband to fulfill her selfish motive. She was aware of her husband’s strengths and weaknesses. But the element of ambitiousness was inherent in Macbeth; his wife ignited the same and corrupted him totally. Her ultimate aim was to become the queen of Scotland. So, she made use of her husband as an instrument/ medium to attain her aim. In addition, Macbeth’s masculine failure is exploited by his wife. Macbeth loved his wife so dearly but she made use of the same to influence him in a negative way. One can identify that the first half of the play is under Lady Macbeth’s control. So, Lady Macbeth’s gender role is totally against her femininity and she made use of the same to manipulate her husband and to fulfill her selfish motives. First of all, Lady Macbeth was ambitious like her husband. Her desire to be the queen of Scotland resulted in her ultimate doom. Lady Macbeth requests the spirits to unsex her because her

Moral relativism and Moral absolutism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral relativism and Moral absolutism - Essay Example The concept of moral relativism stipulates that there is no sense in asking abstract questions concerning whether an act is either good or its bad. As per the theory, abstract questions that contain neither goodness nor badness in them. The concept stipulates that the issues of goodness and badness can only be found in contexts that are specified. Therefore, this implies that an action can be good for a certain individual but on the other hand be bad for another individual. It also suggests that certain acts may be correct in a certain cultural setting but considered to be bad in another cultural setting (Moral Relativism. Info). However, if the concept of moral relativism is considered true, an act should not be questioned on its goodness or badness in its abstract form but should only be questioned in particular situations. Different people view the issue of more relativism as being a palpable truth and undeniable whereas others perceive it as a threat to the ethical foundations up on which societies are built (Hammerlinck). The concept of moral relativism has been supported with various proofs by different people. Some of them have put forward arguments from disagreements, flexibility and from tolerance. Those who have forwarded arguments from disagreements argue that ethical relativism best describes the fact that different cultures and individuals have different ethical beliefs. From this perception, the ethical disagreements demonstrate that the issue of morality is just but a product of our personal opinions or our different cultures. This is the exact claim that has been put forward by the notion of moral relativism (Moral Relativism. Info). Other arguments for the notion of moral relativism that have been presented from flexibility arguments stipulate that the issue of moral absolutism will certainly break down when exposed to particular situations.

The Good Teachers Essay Example for Free

The Good Teachers Essay The desire to throw away youth and to grow up in evident also in ‘The Good Teachers’ as the speaker reveals a list of things she used to do as a child in order to make herself appear older and more mature, ‘You roll the waistband/ of your skirt over and over’, the repetition of the latter phrase demonstrating the action itself, ‘all leg, all/ dumb insolence, smoke-rings.’ Through the continued use of the pronoun, ‘you’, we, as the reader can share in Duffy’s adolescent experience as they are actions universal to all teenagers. Both poems deal with the positive aspects of adolescent experiences, but also with the negative ones as well; in ‘Lanarkshire Girls’ the experience begins uneasy and unpleasant as the speakers recalls how ‘Summer annoyed us†¦ Like a boy with a stick through railings’. This simile is very sensory as it strikes an image in the readers’ head of a boy dragging a stick across railings and the sound it makes is prominent. The bus is trying to exit the rural country as the nature is trying to stop it, making the journey initially difficult, ‘We bent whole treetops/ squeezing through as they rained down twigs.’ This symbolises the transition from adolescence into adulthood and how the girls are struggling to make it. However, when they finally make it out of the country, the tone of the poem changes from annoyance and struggling, to admiration for the city and excitement to be in a new stage of their life and for their new found sense of fre edom. The same is true for the speaker in ‘The Good Teachers’ as Duffy uses the metaphor of ‘a wall you climb’ to describe the transition from adolescent into adulthood. Even in the most positive point of the poem where she expresses her passion and love for both her English teacher and the subject itself is tainted. Her adoration is evident through the repetition of, ‘so much’ and through her actions such as remembering ‘The River’s Tale by Rudyard Kipling by heart’ and by ‘making a poem for’ her teacher. The speaker suggests that even this adolescent experience was tainted as her teacher who she admired is not perfect and her ‘cruel blue’ eye demonstrates this. This symbolises how no adolescent experience is perfect. Both poems end on very different tones and therefore have different outlooks on adolescent experiences. ‘Lanarkshire Girls’ ends with a feeling of excitement as the bus, ‘spilled’ the girls out dreaming themselves up. Whereas, ‘The Good Teachers’ ends on a tone of regret as the speakers finds truth in what her teachers told her that, ‘you’ll be sorry one day’ for not working hard enough and for racing to throw away their childhoods.

The Leisure Ability Model

The Leisure Ability Model Therapeutic Recreation seeks to promote the capacity and ability of groups and individuals to make self determined and responsible choices, in light of their needs to grow, to explore new perspectives and possibilities, and to realise their full potential. (reference) Within this assignment I am going to critically compare and evaluate the use of the following models in the Therapeutic Recreation Service: The Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model. In doing so I will firstly describe the two models in detail and then critically compare and evaluate them both and their use in the therapeutic recreation service. The Leisure Ability Model: Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure. Leisure presents opportunities to experience mastery, learn new skills, meet new people, deepen existing relationships, and develop a clearer sense of self. Leisure provides the context in which people can learn, interact, express individualism, and self-actualize (Kelly, 1990). A large number of individuals are constrained from full and satisfying leisure experiences. It then follows that many individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses may experience more frequent, severe, or lasting barriers compared with their non-disabled counterparts, simply due to the presence of disability and/or illness. The Leisure Ability Models underlying basis stems from the concepts of: (a) learned helplessness vs. mastery or self-determination; (b) intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and causal attribution; (c) choice; and (d) flow. Learned Helplessness: Learned helplessness is the perception by an individual that events happening in his or her life are beyond his or her personal control, and therefore, the individual stops trying to effect changes or outcomes with his or her life (Seligman, 1975). They will eventually stop wanting to participate in activity or participate in any other way. They will learn that the rules are outside of their control and someone else is in charge of setting the rules. Their ability to take a risk will be diminished and they will learn to be helpless. Learned helplessness may present a psychological barrier to full leisure participation and it may, conversely, be unlearned with the provision of well-designed services. Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Locus of Control, and Causal Attribution: All individuals are intrinsically motivated toward behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. As such, individuals seek experiences of incongruity or challenges in which they can master the situation, reduce the incongruity, and show competence. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control. An internal locus of control implies that the individual has the orientation that he or she is responsible for the behaviour and outcomes he or she produces (Deci, 1975). Typically individuals with an internal locus of control take responsibility for their decisions and the consequences of their decisions, while an individual with an external locus of control will place responsibility, credit, and blame on other individuals. An internal locus of control is important for the individual to feel self-directed or responsible, be motivated to continue to seek challenges, and develop a sense of self-competence. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Attribution implies that an individual believes that he or she can affect a particular outcome (Deci, 1975; Seligman, 1975). An important aspect of the sense of accomplishment, competence, and control is the individuals interpretation of personal contribution to the outcome. Without a sense of personal causation, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness increases greatly. Choice: The Leisure Ability Model also relies heavily on the concept of choice, choice implies that the individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be able to have options from which to choose, and the skills and desires to make appropriate choices. Lee and Mobily (1988) stated that therapeutic recreation services should build skills and provide participants with options for participation. Flow: When skill level is high and activity challenge is low, the individual is quite likely to be bored. When the skill level is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious. When the skill level and activity challenge are identical or nearly identical, the individual is most able to achieve a state of concentration and energy expenditure that Csikszentmihalyi (1990) has labeled flow. Treatment Services During treatment services, the client generally has less control over the intent of the programs and is dependent on the professional judgment and guidance provided by the specialist. The client experiences less freedom of choice during treatment services than any other category of therapeutic recreation service. The role of the specialist providing treatment services is that of therapist. Within treatment services, the client has minimal control and the therapist has maximum control. The specialist typically designates the clients level and type of involvement, with considerably little input from the client. In order to successfully produce client outcomes, the specialist must be able to assess accurately the clients functional deficits; create, design, and implement specific interventions to improve these deficits; and evaluate the client outcomes achieved from treatment programs. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gifThe ultimate outcome of treatment services is to eliminate, significantly improve, or teach the client to adapt to existing functional limitations that hamper efforts to engage fully in leisure pursuits. Often these functional deficits are to the degree that the client has difficulty learning, developing his or her full potential, interacting with others, or being independent. The aim of treatment services is to reduce these barriers so further learning and involvement by the client can take place. Leisure Education: Leisure education services focus on the client acquiring leisure-related attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Participating successfully in leisure requires a diverse range of skills and abilities, and many clients of therapeutic recreation services do not possess these, have not been able to use them in their leisure time, or need to re-learn them incorporating the effects of their illness and/ or disability. Leisure education services are provided to meet a wide range of client needs related to engaging in a variety of leisure activities and experiences. (Howe, 1989, p. 207). The overall outcome sought through leisure education services is a client who has enough knowledge and skills that an informed and independent choice can be made for his or her future leisure participation. Leisure education means increased freedom of choice, increased locus of control, increased intrinsic motivation, and increased independence for the client. Recreation Participation: http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Recreation participation programs are structured activities that allow the client to practice newly acquired skills, and/or experience enjoyment and self-expression. These programs are provided to allow the client greater freedom of choice within an organized delivery system and may, in fact, be part of the individuals leisure lifestyle. The clients role in recreation participation programs includes greater decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. The client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic. In these programs, the specialist is generally no longer teaching or in charge per se. The client becomes largely responsible for his or her own experience and outcome, with the specialist moving to an organizer and/or supervisor role. As Stumbo and Peterson (1998) noted, recreation participation allows the client an opportunity to practice new skills, experience enjoyment, and achieve self-expression. From a clinical perspective, recreation participation does much more. For instance, recreation opportunities provide clients with respite from other, more arduous, therapy services. Leisure education programs may focus on: (a) self-awareness in relation to clients new status; (b) learning social skills such as assertiveness, coping, and friendship making; (c) re-learning or adapting pre-morbid leisure skills; and (d) locating leisure resources appropriate to new interests and that are accessible. Recreation participation programs may involve practicing a variety of new leisure and social skills in a safe, structured environment. In designing and implementing these programs, the specialist builds on opportunities for the individual to exercise control, mastery, intrinsic motivation, and choice. The ultimate outcome would be for each client to be able to adapt to and cope with individual disability to the extent that he or she will experience a satisfying and independent leisure lifestyle, and be able to master skills to achieve flow. Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model: The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model (Austin, 1996, 1997) stipulates that the purpose of therapeutic recreation is to assist persons to recover following threats to health, by helping them to restore themselves or regain stability. (health protection), and secondly, optimising their potentials in order that they may enjoy as high a quality of health as possible (health promotion). Within this model (Austin, 1997, p. 144) states that à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"the mission of therapeutic recreation is to use activity, recreation, and leisure to help people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and to assist them to grow toward their highest levels of health and wellness The health promotion, health protection model is broken up into four broad concepts which are the humanistic perspective, high level wellness, stabilisation and actualisation and health. Humanistic Perspective: Those who embrace the humanistic perspective believe that each of us has the responsibility for his or her own health and the capacity for making self-directed and wise choices regarding our health. Since individuals are responsible for their own health, it is critical to empower individuals to become involved in decision-making to the fullest extent possible (Austin, 1997). High-Level Wellness: High-level wellness deals with helping persons to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving (Austin, 1997). Therapeutic Recreation professionals have concern for the full range of the illness-wellness continuum (Austin, 1997). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Stabilization and Actualization Tendencies: The stabilizing tendency is concerned with maintaining the steady state of the individual. It is an adaptation mechanism that helps us keep stress in a manageable range. It protects us from biophysical and psychosocial harm. The stabilizing tendency is the motivational force behind health protection that focuses on efforts to move away from or avoid negatively valence states of illness and injury (Pender, 1996, p. 34). The actualization tendency drives us toward health promotion that focuses on efforts to approach or move toward a positively valence state of high-level health and well-being (Pender, 1996, p. 34). Health: King (1971) and Pender (1996) health encompasses both coping adaptively and growing and becoming. Healthy people can cope with lifes stressors. Those who enjoy optimal health have the opportunity to pursue the highest levels of personal growth and development. Under the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model, therapists* recognize that to help clients strive toward health promotion is the ultimate goal of therapeutic recreation. Further, therapists prize the right of each individual to pursue his or her highest state of well-being, or optimal health. TR practice is therefore based on a philosophy that encourages clients to attempt to achieve maximum health, rather than just recover from illness (Austin, 1997). The Component of Prescriptive Activities: When clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed. They have a tendency to withdraw from their usual life activities and to experience a loss of control over their lives (Flynn, 1980). Research (e.g., Langer Rodin, 1976; Seligman Maier, 1967) has shown that feelings of lack of control may bring about a sense of helplessness that can ultimately produce severe depression. At times such as this clients are encountering a significant threat to their health and are not prepared to enjoy and benefit from recreation or leisure. For these individuals, activity is a necessary prerequisite to health restoration. Activity is a means for them to begin to gain control over their situation and to overcome feelings of helplessness and depression that regularly accompany loss of control. At this point on the continuum, Therapeutic Recreation professionals provide direction and structure for prescribed activities. Once engaged in activity, clients can begin to perceive themselves as being able to successfully interact with their environments, to start to experience feelings of success and mastery, and to take steps toward regaining a sense of control. Clients come to realise that they are not passive victims but can take action to restore their health. They are then ready to partake in the recreation component of treatment. The Recreation Component: Recreation is activities that take place during leisure time (Kraus. 1971). Client need to take part in intrinsically motivated recreation experiences that produce a sense of mastery and accomplishment within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere. Clients have fun as they learn new skills, new behaviors, new ways to interact with others, new philosophies and values, and new cognition about themselves. In short, they learn that they can be successful in their interactions with the world. Through recreation they are able to re-create themselves, thus combating threats to health and restoring stability. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The Leisure Component: Whereas recreation allows people to restore themselves, leisure is growth promoting. Leisure is a means to self-actualisation because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to expand themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. Feelings of accomplishment, confidence and pleasure result from such growth producing experiences. Thus leisure assumes an important role in assisting people to reach their potentials (Iso-Ahola, 1989). Core elements in leisure seem to be that it is freely chosen and intrinsically motivated. The Recreation and Leisure Components: Although recreation and leisure differ in that recreation is an adaptive device that allows us to restore ourselves and leisure is a phenomenon that allows growth, they share commonalities. Both recreation and leisure are free from constraint. Both involve intrinsic motivation and both provide an opportunity for people to experience a tremendous amount of control in their lives. Both permit us to suspend everyday rules and conventions in order to be ourselves and let our hair down. Both allow us to be human with all of our imperfections and frailties. It is the task of the therapeutic recreation professional to maintain an open, supportive, and nonthreatening atmosphere that encourages these positive attributes of recreation and leisure and which help to bring about therapeutic benefit (Austin, 1996). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif According to Bandura (1986), bolstered efficacy expectations allow clients to have confidence in themselves and in their abilities to succeed in the face of frustration. Thus, clients feel more and more able to be in control of their lives and to meet adversity as they move along the continuum toward higher levels of health. It is the role of the TR professional to help each client assume increasing levels of independence as he or she moves along the illness-wellness continuum. Of course, the client with the greatest dependence on the therapist will be the individual who is in the poorest health. At this point the stabilizing tendency is paramount while the client attempts to ward off the threat to health and to return to his or her usual stable state. At this time the therapist engages the client in prescriptive activities or recreation experiences in order to assist the client with health protection. During prescriptive activities the clients control is the smallest and the therapi sts is the largest. During recreation there is more of a mutual participation by the client and therapist. With the help of the therapist, the client learns to select, and participate in, recreation experiences that promote health improvement. Approximately midway across the continuum, the stabilising tendency reduces and the actualising tendency begins to arise. Leisure begins to emerge as the paramount paradigm. As the actualisation tendency increases, the client becomes less and less dependent on the therapist and more and more responsible for self-determination. The role of the therapist continues to diminish until the client is able to function without the helper. At this point the client can function relatively independently of the TR professional and there is no need for TR service delivery (Austin, 1997). Comparison of the use of the Leisure Ability Model to the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in Therapeutic Recreation Services: The role of the therapeutic recreation specialist, in order to reverse the consequences of learned helplessness, is to assist the individual in: (a) increasing the sense of personal causation and internal control, (b) increasing intrinsic motivation, (c) increasing the sense of personal choice and alternatives, and (d) achieving the state of optimal experience or flow. In theory, then, therapeutic recreation is provided to affect the total leisure behaviour (leisure lifestyle) of individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses through decreasing learned helplessness, and increasing personal control, intrinsic motivation, and personal choice. This outcome is accomplished through the specific provision of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation services which teach specific skills, knowledges, and abilities, and take into consideration the matching of client skill and activity challenge. Another strength is the Models flexibility. One level of flexibility is with the three components of service. Each component of service is selected and programmed based on client need. That is, some clients will need treatment and leisure education services, without recreation participation. Other clients will need only leisure education and recreation participation services. Clearly, services are selected based on client need. In addition, programs conceptualized within each service component are selected based on client need. flexibility allow the specialist to custom design programs to fit the needs of every and any client group served by therapeutic recreation. The ultimate goal of leisure lifestyle remains the same for every client, but since it is based on the individual, how the lifestyle will be implemented by the individual and what it contains may differ. As such, the content of the Leisure Ability Model is not specific to any one population or client group, nor is it confined to any specific service or delivery setting. Some authors, including Kinney and Shank (1989), have reported this as a strength of the Model. According to the model, intervention may occur in a wide range of settings and addresses individuals with physical, mental, social, or emotional limitations (Peterson Gunn, p. 4). The intervention model is conceptually divided into three phases along a continuum of client functioning and restrictiveness. The three phases of therapeutic recreation intervention are arranged in a sequence, from greater therapist control to lesser therapist control, and from lesser client independence to greater client independence. This arrangement is purposeful and is meant to convey that the ultimate aim of the appropriate leisure lifestyle is that it be engaged in independently and freely. Summary The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model contains three major components (i.e., prescribed activities, recreation, and leisure) that range along an illness-wellness continuum. According to their needs, clients may enter anywhere along the continuum. The model emphasizes the active role of the client who becomes less and less reliant on the TR professional as he or she moves toward higher levels of health. Initially, direction and structure are provided through prescriptive activities to help activate the client. During recreation, the client and therapist join together in a mutual effort to restore normal functioning. During leisure, the client assumes primary responsibility for his or her own health and well-being. Evaluation of both models and there use in therapeutic recreation services: The overall intended outcome of therapeutic recreation services, as defined by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure lifestyle. In order to facilitate these perceptions, therapeutic recreation specialists must be able to design, implement, and evaluate a variety of activities that increase the persons individual competence and sense of control. In relation to leisure behaviour, Peterson (1989) felt that this includes improving functional abilities, improving leisure-related attitudes, skills, knowledge, and abilities, and voluntarily engaging in self-directed leisure behaviour. Thus, the three service areas of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation are designed to teach specific skills to improve personal competence and a sense of accomplishment. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) summed up the importance of these perceptions: In the long run optimal experiences add up to a sense of mastery-or perhaps better, a sense of participation in determining the content of life-that comes as close to what is usually meant by happiness as anything else we can conceivably imagine (p. 4). The therapeutic recreation specialist must be able to adequately assess clients skill level (through client assessment) and activity requirements (through activity analysis) in order for the two to approximate one another. Given Decis (1975) theory of intrinsic motivation which includes the concept of incongruity, therapeutic recreation specialists may provide activities slightly above the skill level of clients in order to increase the sense of mastery. When this match between the activity requirements and client skill levels occurs, clients are most able to learn and experience a higher quality leisure. To facilitate this, therapeutic recreation specialists become responsible for comprehending and incorporating the: (a) theoretical bases (including but not limited to internal locus of control, intrinsic motivation, personal causation, freedom of choice, and flow); (b) typical client characteristics, including needs and deficits; (c) aspects of quality therapeutic recreation program delivery process (e.g., client assessment, activity analysis, outcome evaluation, etc.); and (d) therapeutic recreation content (treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation). These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation specialist to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle. Again, the success of that lifestyle is dependent on the client gaining a sense of control and choice over leisure options, and having an orientation toward intrinsic motivation, an internal locus of control, and a personal sense of causality. The Leisure Ability Model provides specific content that can be addressed with clients in order to facilitate their development, maintenance, and expression of a successful leisure lifestyle. Each aspect of this content applies to the future success, independence, and well-being of clients in regard to their leisure. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The client has reduced major functional limitations that prohibit or significantly limit leisure involvement (or at least has learned ways to overcome these barriers); understands and values the importance of leisure in the totality of life experiences; has adequate social skills for involvement with others; is able to choose between several leisure activity options on a daily basis, and make decisions for leisure participation; is able to locate and use leisure resources as necessary; and has increased perceptions of choice, motivation, freedom, responsibility, causality, and independence with regard to his or her leisure. These outcomes are targeted through the identification of client needs, the provision of programs to meet those needs, and the evaluation of outcomes during and after program delivery. A therapeutic recreation specialist designs, implements, and evaluates services aimed at these outcomes Austin (1989) objected to the Leisure Ability Model on the basis that is supporting a leisure behaviour orientation, instead of the therapy orientation. A number of authors have objected to the Leisure Ability Model, having observed that its all-encompassing approach is too broad and lacks the focus needed to direct a profession (Austin, p. 147). Austin advocated an alignment of therapeutic recreation with allied health and medical science disciplines, rather than leisure and recreation professionals The Model in Practice The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model may be applied in any setting (i.e., clinical or community) in which the goal of therapeutic recreation is holistic health and well-being. Thus, anyone who wishes to improve his or her level of health can become a TR client. TR professionals view all clients as having abilities and intact strengths, as well as possessing intrinsic worth and the potential for change. Through purposeful intervention using the TR process (i.e., assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation), therapeutic outcomes emphasize enhanced client functioning. Typical therapeutic outcomes include increasing personal awareness, improving social skills, enhancing leisure abilities, decreasing stress, improving physical functioning, and developing feelings of positive self-regard, self-efficacy and perceived control (Austin, 1996). Conclusion: In conclusion to this assignment on the critical comparison and evaluation of the use of the Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in the therapeutic recreation services I found that.. Reference Page:

Chicago :: essays research papers

Chicago has been the fastest growing city of the world. â€Å"The city of the Century† is the name given to this historic city. It is a great city of the greatest people who devoted almost their whole life to this city. Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Clarence Darrow, Mary McDowell, Thorstein Veblen, Albert Parsons, Ida B. Wells, George Pullman, Louis Sullivan and Danker Adler are few of the people among them. No large city even Peter the Great’s St. Petersburg had ever grown as fast as Chicago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right from the beginning, the city was envisioned. In 1830, empty prairie defined the grid of the future metropolis. The streets, the blocks and the Allys were designated. Its growth was phenomenal. In just forty years, Chicago grew from 100 people to the city of 300,000 thousand. Over half of them came from abroad. On October 8, 1871, the fire viped out the city. 18,000 building were burnt. Economic potential of the city was still there. The citizens were determined to rebuild. Architects and Engineers came from around the world and started building just what it was like before. In 10 years after the fire, Architects had begun to make buildings that were unprecedented. The city was now buying, consuming, trading, manufacturing and selling more then ever before. 350 trains a day were coming to Chicago to do business. The downtown was locked by the boundaries of water and a railroad. Chicago was the second largest city of the nation. People from all parts of the wo rld were attracted to Chicago because that was the place where they saw lots of business opportunities. That was the place where they thought they could start their new career. Even today, 70% of the people are originally from other countries.